AI Ecommerce Statistics 2026: Market, Revenue and Conversion Data

Last Updated: August 16, 2026

The global AI in ecommerce market reached $9.70 billion in 2026 at a 25.7% CAGR projected to hit $47.87 billion by 2033 per Coherent Market Insights, while Amazon attributes 35% of its total revenue to its AI recommendation engine, personalized product recommendations drive 26-31% of ecommerce revenue on average per Salesforce and Barilliance, and shoppers who engage with AI chat convert at 12.3% versus 3.1% for those who do not - a fourfold conversion rate difference per Resourcera's June 2026 AI ecommerce analysis. AI-powered ecommerce solutions are projected to reach $22.6 billion by 2032. Resourcera

The AI ecommerce transformation in 2026 has moved decisively from experimentation into measurable commercial impact. 89% of retail and consumer goods companies are using or testing AI per McKinsey 2025. Yet only 33% have fully implemented AI across operations and just 7% have reached fully scaled deployment per Stord 2026 - an 82-point gap between adoption and execution that defines where the competitive opportunity lives for ecommerce teams in the second half of 2026.

This guide covers every significant AI ecommerce statistic for August 2026 - market size, adoption rates, personalization revenue data, conversion statistics, customer service metrics, supply chain efficiency, ROI benchmarks, and consumer behavior data - with every figure linked to a named primary source.

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Sources: Elogic Commerce June 2026, Resourcera June 2026, Datarefs June 2026, VOVV.ai July 2026, Triple Whale June 2026

The global AI in ecommerce market reached $9.70 billion in 2026 growing at 25.7% CAGR toward $47.87 billion by 2033 per Coherent Market Insights, with the US market alone at $3.06 billion representing 40.8% of global revenue, while the broader AI in retail market reached $18.64 billion in 2026 and is forecast to hit $82.72 billion by 2031 at a 34.72% CAGR per Datarefs' June 2026 comprehensive analysis.

AI ecommerce market size by projection and scope:

Sources: SQ Magazine March 2026, Datarefs June 2026, Resourcera June 2026

The US market leadership:

The United States accounts for 40.8% of the global AI in ecommerce market at $3.06 billion in 2026 per Resourcera - reflecting the concentration of major ecommerce platforms (Amazon, Shopify, BigCommerce), the density of digitally mature retail operations, and the depth of AI vendor ecosystems serving US retailers. Asia-Pacific is identified as the fastest-growing region driven by Southeast Asian ecommerce platform growth and government-backed retail digitization programs in India, China, and Singapore.

The $60 billion Cyber Week figure:

Salesforce's 2024 data showing $60 billion in Cyber Week online sales influenced by AI represents the single largest documented AI ecommerce commercial impact in any reporting period per Replenit's July 2026 ecommerce personalization statistics. The influence encompasses AI-personalized email campaigns, AI-driven product recommendations surfaced during peak browsing, AI-optimized pricing, and AI customer service handling the surge in pre-purchase inquiries. The $60 billion figure establishes AI's commercial scale in ecommerce beyond market size projections into documented transaction influence.

The $570 billion personalization opportunity:

BCG's projection that personalization leaders will capture $570 billion in incremental growth by 2030 is the largest single-category commercial opportunity documented in AI ecommerce research. The projection reflects the compounding effect of personalization on customer lifetime value, repurchase rates, and word-of-mouth referrals - benefits that accumulate over time for brands that invest in personalization infrastructure now versus those that begin in 2027 or 2028.

For how AI ecommerce investment connects to the complete AI spending landscape, our AI spending statistics guide covers the full picture.

89% of retail and consumer goods companies are using or testing AI per McKinsey 2025, 97% plan to increase AI spending, 84% rank AI as their highest strategic priority per Gorgias 2026, yet only 33% have fully implemented AI across operations and just 7% have reached fully scaled deployment - an 82-point gap between adoption intent and operational reality that defines the competitive opportunity in ecommerce AI for 2026 per Elogic Commerce's June 2026 statistics analysis.

AI ecommerce adoption statistics:

Sources: Elogic Commerce June 2026, Daily AI Mail April 2026, SQ Magazine March 2026

The 82-point implementation gap:

Only 33% have fully implemented AI across operations, and just 7% have reached fully scaled deployment. This 82-point gap between adoption and scaled implementation is the market's defining dynamic. For ecommerce teams, this gap is simultaneously the most concerning and the most promising finding in 2026 AI research. Concerning because it means most competitors are already experimenting with AI and will eventually close the gap. Promising because the 7% at full scale are generating the 14.2% sales growth advantage documented below while competitors at the 89% adoption stage are still running pilots. DataRefs

The Gen Z discovery shift:

58% of Gen Z using AI for product discovery is the consumer behavior statistic with the longest commercial tail in this dataset. Gen Z is the demographic cohort entering peak spending years over the next decade. Their established habit of using AI for product research - rather than traditional search or social media browsing - means the ecommerce brands that optimize for AI citation and AI-assisted discovery now are building the channel presence that will matter most as Gen Z's purchasing power scales.

The 71% AI hiring signal:

71% of brands planning to hire dedicated AI specialists within 12 months per Gorgias' State of Conversational Commerce 2026 is the talent investment signal that confirms AI ecommerce is moving from tool adoption to organizational capability building. The shift from buying AI tools to hiring AI specialists reflects the maturation from experimentation to operational integration - the same transition documented in the 33% full implementation versus 89% adoption gap.

For how ecommerce AI adoption connects to the broader enterprise AI adoption landscape, our AI adoption statistics guide covers every industry comparison.

Amazon attributes 35% of its total revenue to its AI recommendation engine, personalized product recommendations drive 26-31% of ecommerce revenue on average per Salesforce and Barilliance, shoppers who click a recommendation are 4.5x more likely to add to cart and account for 26% of total revenue from just 7% of visits, and AI personalization leaders generate up to 40% more revenue than non-personalizers per VOVV.ai's July 2026 ecommerce personalization statistics.

AI ecommerce personalization revenue statistics:

Sources: VOVV.ai July 2026, Hello Retail July 2026, Replenit July 2026

The Amazon 35% finding in context:

Amazon attributing 35% of its total revenue to its AI recommendation engine is the most cited and most consequential single statistic in AI ecommerce research. For a company generating approximately $600 billion in annual revenue in 2026, 35% represents approximately $210 billion attributable to the "customers who bought this also bought" and "recommended for you" systems that Amazon has refined since 2003. This figure establishes the commercial ceiling for what recommendation engine AI can deliver at scale - and the aspiration against which every ecommerce brand's personalization investment is implicitly measured.

The 26% revenue from 7% of visits finding:

Shoppers who click a recommendation convert 4.6x more often and account for 26% of revenue from just 7% of visits per Salesforce. This ratio - 7% of visits generating 26% of revenue - is the most operationally important personalization statistic for ecommerce teams making investment decisions. It establishes that recommendation-clicking shoppers are not just incrementally more valuable than average shoppers. They are categorically different buyers exhibiting intent signals that the recommendation system successfully identified and acted on. Replenit

The 53% negative personalization finding:

Gartner's 2025 research shows poorly targeted personalization now creates negative experiences for 53% of customers. This caveat is the most important quality control finding in AI ecommerce personalization research. As personalization has become table stakes, the bar for relevance has risen. Irrelevant recommendations - showing winter coats to someone who just purchased one, recommending products already owned, or surfacing items outside any demonstrated interest - actively damage conversion and brand trust. Personalization quality matters as much as personalization presence in 2026.

For how AI retail personalization connects to the complete retail AI picture, our AI retail statistics guide covers every retail AI category.

Shoppers who engage with AI chat convert at 12.3% versus 3.1% for those who do not - a fourfold conversion rate difference - retail chatbots increase sales by up to 67%, and AI-driven personalization boosts conversion rates by up to 30% over rules-based personalization per Resourcera's June 2026 analysis and Dynamic Yield research.

AI ecommerce conversion statistics:

Sources: Resourcera June 2026, Elogic Commerce June 2026, VOVV.ai July 2026

The 12.3% versus 3.1% conversion finding:

The fourfold conversion rate difference between AI chat shoppers and non-AI shoppers is the single most actionable conversion statistic in AI ecommerce research for 2026. The mechanism: AI chat shoppers are in active product discovery mode with intent high enough to initiate a conversation. The AI assistant helps them find the right product, answers specific questions, and removes purchase hesitation in real time. The combination of high intent and real-time assistance produces a 12.3% conversion rate that represents what is possible when ecommerce removes friction from the moment a shopper wants help.

The Adobe Analytics referral finding:

Adobe Analytics data showing AI referrals convert 31% higher than other traffic sources with 27% lower bounce rates per Elogic Commerce's June 2026 analysis is the most important channel-level statistic for SEO and GEO strategy. Traffic arriving from ChatGPT, Perplexity, Claude, and Gemini citations converts significantly better than average organic search traffic because AI referrals reflect explicit recommendation intent - the AI specifically recommended this product or brand as the answer to a question the shopper asked.

The 70.22% cart abandonment context:

The Baymard Institute 2025 finding that the average cart abandonment rate is 70.22% establishes the scale of the conversion opportunity AI addresses. Seven in ten shoppers who add items to a cart do not complete the purchase. AI-powered cart abandonment interventions - real-time chat triggered when abandonment signals appear, personalized re-engagement sequences, AI-optimized pricing for fence-sitting shoppers - are addressing the largest single conversion gap in ecommerce. The 20-30% cart abandonment reduction from AI represents the most direct commercial return from AI conversion optimization.

For our complete AI customer service data including chatbot conversion benchmarks across all industries, our AI customer service statistics guide covers every metric.

AI resolves 93% of ecommerce customer questions without any human help, 79% of brands say AI-driven conversational commerce has increased their sales, and AI customer service reduces response times by 33% while increasing customer retention by 12% per Resourcera's June 2026 analysis and Gorgias' State of Conversational Commerce 2026.

AI ecommerce customer service statistics:

Sources: Resourcera June 2026, Triple Whale June 2026

The 93% resolution rate:

AI resolving 93% of ecommerce customer questions without human involvement is the most operationally significant customer service statistic in ecommerce AI research. At scale, 93% resolution means a brand processing 1 million customer service interactions annually handles 930,000 through AI and 70,000 through human agents. The economics are transformative: customer service teams can focus their capacity entirely on the 7% of complex, escalated, or emotionally sensitive situations where human judgment adds genuine value.

The 79% conversational commerce sales increase:

79% of brands reporting that AI-driven conversational commerce increased their sales per Gorgias' State of Conversational Commerce 2026 is the broadest industry validation of AI's commercial impact on ecommerce customer service. Conversational commerce - purchasing initiated or completed through a chat interface - represents the most significant shift in ecommerce transaction flow since mobile commerce. AI-driven commerce platforms now enable end-to-end transactions within chat interfaces, eliminating traditional checkout flows. Resourcera

For our complete AI customer service statistics across all industries, our AI customer service statistics guide covers every benchmark.

AI cuts ecommerce inventory levels by 20-30% and logistics costs by 5-20%, retailers using AI achieved 14.2% sales growth between 2023 and 2024 compared to just 6.9% for non-AI retailers, and fewer than 15% of retailers currently use AI-powered pricing despite documented 5-10% margin gains with payback within 6-12 months per Elogic Commerce's June 2026 analysis.

AI ecommerce supply chain and operations statistics:

Sources: Elogic Commerce June 2026, Datarefs June 2026, Resourcera June 2026

The 14.2% versus 6.9% sales growth gap:

Retailers using AI achieving 14.2% sales growth between 2023 and 2024 versus 6.9% for non-AI retailers - a 7.3 percentage point advantage - is the most commercially significant operational statistic in AI ecommerce research. It documents the competitive gap that AI creates not in theoretical projections but in actual sales outcomes across a two-year comparison period. At scale, a 7.3 percentage point sales growth advantage compounds significantly: a $10 million retailer growing at 14.2% reaches $16.2 million in four years; at 6.9% it reaches $13.1 million. The gap between AI-enabled and traditional retailers is widening, not narrowing.

The AI pricing underutilization finding:

Fewer than 15% of retailers use AI-powered pricing, even though margin gains of 5-10% and payback within 6-12 months are reported. This is the most striking gap between documented ROI and actual adoption in AI ecommerce research. With payback periods of 6-12 months and 5-10% margin improvements - among the fastest and most reliable returns in any retail technology - AI pricing's under 15% adoption rate reflects implementation complexity and organizational resistance to dynamic pricing strategies rather than a lack of commercial justification. DataRefs

The 20-30% inventory reduction:

AI cutting inventory levels by 20-30% through better demand forecasting addresses the largest working capital inefficiency in most ecommerce operations. Excess inventory represents tied-up capital, storage costs, and markdown risk. A $10 million ecommerce business carrying $2 million in inventory that AI reduces by 25% frees $500,000 in working capital while maintaining service levels - a financial benefit that often exceeds the total AI tool investment in the first year.

For how AI supply chain optimization connects to the complete logistics picture, our AI supply chain statistics guide covers every metric.

Organizations earn $1.41 for every $1 spent on AI in ecommerce - a 41% direct return per Snowflake 2025, McKinsey documents 3-15% revenue uplift from AI ecommerce deployment, 89% of companies report positive ROI from AI personalization with an average 9-month payback period, and effective personalization delivers 5-8x ROI on marketing spend per multiple 2026 sources.

AI ecommerce ROI statistics:

Sources: Elogic Commerce June 2026, Envive.ai, Resourcera June 2026

The 9-month payback period:

The average 9-month payback period for AI personalization in ecommerce is among the fastest documented in enterprise technology deployment per Envive.ai's comprehensive analysis. For context: CRM systems average 13-18 months payback. ERP systems average 24-36 months. Marketing automation platforms average 12-18 months. AI personalization's 9-month payback reflects the direct and immediately measurable revenue impact of recommendation engine improvements - every percentage point of conversion lift shows up in daily sales data within weeks of implementation.

The McKinsey 40% fast-grower advantage:

McKinsey finding that fast-growing companies drive 40% more revenue from personalization than slower-growing peers reflects a compounding dynamic: better personalization drives faster growth, faster growth provides more customer data, more customer data improves personalization quality, which drives further growth. The personalization advantage is self-reinforcing for organizations that invest early and measure rigorously. For ecommerce teams building business cases for AI personalization investment, this compounding argument is more commercially compelling than the point-in-time revenue lift statistics.

For our complete AI ROI data across all business functions and industries, our AI ROI statistics guide covers every benchmark.

71% of consumers expect personalized interactions and 76% get frustrated when personalization does not happen per McKinsey, 91% are more likely to shop with brands offering personalized recommendations, 80% are more likely to buy when the experience is personalized, 38% of US consumers have already used generative AI for online shopping, and 58% of Gen Z use AI for product discovery per multiple 2026 consumer behavior studies.

AI ecommerce consumer behavior statistics:

Sources: Resourcera June 2026, Hello Retail July 2026, Daily AI Mail April 2026

The personalization expectation gap:

The combination of 71% of consumers expecting personalization and 76% getting frustrated without it - yet only 33% of retailers having fully implemented AI - creates the most significant consumer experience gap in ecommerce in 2026. Consumers have been trained by Amazon, Netflix, and Spotify to expect experiences that learn from their behavior and surface what is most relevant to them. Retailers who have not yet built this capability are frustrating the majority of their shoppers with every visit.

The 38% generative AI shopping finding:

38% of US consumers having already used generative AI for online shopping - and 58% of Gen Z specifically - is the consumer behavior indicator that most directly signals the commercial importance of GEO optimization for ecommerce brands. As shoppers increasingly ask AI systems "what is the best [product category] for [use case]" rather than typing keywords into Google, the ecommerce brands that appear in AI recommendations capture a growing share of high-intent traffic. The 31% higher conversion rate from AI referrals documented by Adobe Analytics confirms that this traffic is not just growing - it is disproportionately valuable.

The repurchase loyalty signal:

McKinsey's finding that consumers are significantly more likely to repurchase from brands that personalize their experience - and more likely to recommend those brands to others - is the lifetime value argument for AI personalization investment that the conversion statistics alone do not capture. Personalization does not just improve the first transaction. It improves every subsequent transaction and activates word-of-mouth growth that does not appear in conversion rate calculations.

For how AI is reshaping consumer behavior across all retail categories, our AI retail statistics guide covers the complete consumer behavior picture.

AI Retail Statistics 2026
The complete retail AI data - how ecommerce AI connects to the broader retail transformation including physical store AI.

AI Customer Service Statistics 2026
The 93% AI resolution rate and 12.3% chat conversion rate in context against AI customer service across all industries.

AI Supply Chain Statistics 2026
The 20-30% inventory reduction and 5-20% logistics cost savings data in the complete supply chain AI context.

AI Marketing Statistics 2026
How AI ecommerce marketing personalization connects to the complete AI marketing transformation.

AI ROI Statistics 2026
The $1.41 per $1 AI return and 9-month payback period in context against AI ROI across all industries.

AI Adoption Statistics 2026
The 89% retail AI adoption versus 7% scaled deployment gap in the complete enterprise AI adoption context.

AI Cybersecurity Statistics 2026
AI fraud detection in ecommerce - the cybersecurity dimension of AI ecommerce operations.

Best AI Tools for Small Business 2026
The specific AI ecommerce tools available to Shopify merchants and small ecommerce operators at accessible price points.

AI Statistics 2026: The Complete Data Guide
The master hub for all AI statistics including ecommerce market data in complete context.

What is the size of the AI ecommerce market in 2026?
The global AI in ecommerce market reached $9.70 billion in 2026 at a 25.7% CAGR projected to hit $47.87 billion by 2033 per Coherent Market Insights. Alternative estimates place the 2026 market at $11.21 billion growing to $74.93 billion by 2035 at a 23.59% CAGR per Precedence Research. The US market accounts for $3.06 billion representing 40.8% of global revenue per Resourcera. The broader AI in retail market reached $18.64 billion in 2026 forecast to hit $82.72 billion by 2031 at a 34.72% CAGR. Salesforce documented $60 billion in Cyber Week 2024 online sales influenced by AI - the largest single documented AI ecommerce commercial impact in any reporting period. BCG projects that personalization leaders will capture $570 billion in incremental growth by 2030. Source: Coherent Market Insights via Datarefs June 2026, Resourcera June 2026

How do AI product recommendations drive ecommerce revenue?
Amazon attributes 35% of its total revenue to its AI recommendation engine. Personalized product recommendations drive 26-31% of ecommerce revenue on average per Salesforce and Barilliance. Shoppers who click a recommendation are 4.5x more likely to add to cart and spend 5x more than average shoppers. Recommendation-clicking shoppers account for 26% of total revenue despite representing only 7% of visits per Salesforce. McKinsey benchmarks personalization revenue lift at 5-15% with top performers reaching 40%. AI personalization leaders generate up to 40% more revenue than brands without personalization capabilities. BCG finds that brands with advanced personalization grow 2x faster than those with limited personalization. Personalization delivers 5-8x ROI on marketing spend. Personalized search and merchandising drives 43% higher revenue per visitor per Algolia. Recommendation-clickers accounting for 26% of revenue from 7% of visits is the most operationally important personalization statistic for ecommerce ROI calculations. Source: VOVV.ai July 2026, Hello Retail July 2026

How much do AI chatbots improve ecommerce conversion rates?
Shoppers who engage with AI chat convert at 12.3% versus 3.1% for those who do not - a fourfold conversion rate difference per Resourcera's June 2026 analysis. Retail chatbots increase sales by up to 67%. AI resolves 93% of customer questions without any human help. 79% of brands say AI-driven conversational commerce has increased their sales per Gorgias' State of Conversational Commerce 2026. AI-driven personalization boosts conversion rates by up to 30% over rules-based personalization per Dynamic Yield. AI referral traffic converts 31% higher than other traffic sources with 27% lower bounce rates per Adobe Analytics. Personalized homepage experiences lift conversion by 8-15%. The average cart abandonment rate is 70.22% per Baymard Institute 2025, with AI intervention reducing abandonment by 20-30%. Source: Resourcera June 2026, Elogic Commerce June 2026

What percentage of retailers are using AI in 2026?
89% of retail and consumer goods companies are using or testing AI per McKinsey 2025. 97% plan to increase AI spending. 84% rank AI as their highest strategic priority per Gorgias 2026. However, only 33% have fully implemented AI across operations per Triple Whale, and just 7% have reached fully scaled deployment per Stord 2026. This 82-point gap between adoption intent and scaled implementation is the defining dynamic of the AI ecommerce market in 2026. 92% of businesses use AI-driven personalization per Twilio Segment 2026. 71% plan to hire dedicated AI specialists within 12 months per Gorgias. 46% of DTC brands used AI-generated product visuals in 2026. AI adoption in retail marketing reached 92% of marketers. The consistent finding: nearly universal adoption intent, dramatic underperformance on implementation completion. Source: Elogic Commerce June 2026, Triple Whale June 2026

What is the ROI of AI in ecommerce?
Organizations earn $1.41 for every $1 spent on AI in ecommerce - a 41% direct return per Snowflake 2025. McKinsey documents 3-15% revenue uplift from AI ecommerce deployment with top performers reaching 40% personalization revenue lift. 89% of companies report positive ROI from AI personalization with an average 9-month payback period per Envive.ai. Effective personalization delivers 5-8x ROI on marketing spend. AI pricing delivers 5-10% margin gains with payback within 6-12 months - yet fewer than 15% of retailers use it. Retailers using AI achieved 14.2% sales growth between 2023 and 2024 versus 6.9% for non-AI retailers - a 7.3 percentage point advantage per Datarefs. Organizations that build AI into their business strategy earn an average of 10-12% more revenue. Average AI ecommerce investment payback: 9 months for personalization, 6-12 months for AI pricing. Source: Elogic Commerce June 2026, Envive.ai

How are consumers using AI for ecommerce shopping in 2026?
38% of US consumers have already used generative AI for online shopping per Daily AI Mail's April 2026 analysis. 58% of Gen Z specifically use AI for product discovery. 71% of consumers expect personalized interactions and 76% get frustrated when brands do not provide them per McKinsey. 91% are more likely to shop with brands offering personalized recommendations and 80% are more likely to buy when the experience is personalized per Resourcera. One-third of ecommerce companies are preparing for autonomous AI agents to manage complete shopping journeys. Adobe Analytics documents that traffic arriving from AI platforms converts 31% higher than average organic traffic with 27% lower bounce rates - confirming that AI-referred shoppers are high-intent buyers. Gen Z's 58% AI product discovery adoption rate is the consumer behavior signal with the longest commercial tail, as this cohort enters peak spending years over the next decade. Source: Daily AI Mail April 2026, Resourcera June 2026

How does AI improve ecommerce supply chain and inventory management?
AI cuts ecommerce inventory levels by 20-30% through better demand forecasting, freeing significant working capital while maintaining service levels per Resourcera. AI reduces logistics costs by 5-20% through route optimization, carrier selection, and warehouse automation. 44% of ecommerce companies use predictive analytics specifically for demand forecasting and decision optimization per SQ Magazine. Retailers using AI achieved 14.2% sales growth between 2023 and 2024 versus 6.9% for non-AI retailers - an operational efficiency advantage that shows up directly in growth outcomes per Datarefs. AI-powered pricing delivers 5-10% margin improvements with 6-12 month payback periods, yet fewer than 15% of retailers have implemented it despite the documented economics. AI supply chain optimization also reduces stockout rates and overstock situations that represent the two most expensive inventory errors in ecommerce operations. Source: Resourcera June 2026, Elogic Commerce June 2026

The AI ecommerce statistics of August 2026 document a market that has moved decisively past the question of whether AI belongs in ecommerce operations. The question that remains - and where the commercial opportunity concentrates - is who will close the 82-point gap between the 89% adoption rate and the 7% scaled deployment rate.

The commercial stakes of closing that gap are specific and documented. Amazon's 35% revenue from recommendations. Personalization leaders growing 2x faster with 40% more revenue. AI chat shoppers converting at 12.3% versus 3.1%. Retailers using AI growing at 14.2% versus 6.9% for non-AI competitors. Adobe Analytics confirming AI-referred traffic converting 31% higher. BCG projecting $570 billion in incremental growth for personalization leaders by 2030.

The roadmap for closing the gap is equally specific. Personalization with human-quality relevance filtering to avoid the 53% negative experience that poorly targeted personalization creates. AI chat implementation to capture the 12.3% conversion rate from engaged shoppers. AI demand forecasting to recover 20-30% of inventory working capital. AI pricing - adopted by fewer than 15% of retailers despite 6-12 month payback - for the fastest documented AI ecommerce ROI.

The 9-month average payback on AI personalization is the most important investment signal in this dataset for ecommerce leaders making budget decisions. The competitive gap between AI leaders and the 89% majority still in pilot or partial deployment is widening quarterly. The $570 billion personalization opportunity BCG projects by 2030 will not be distributed equally across all ecommerce operators - it will accrue disproportionately to those that achieve scaled deployment in the next 18 months while most competitors are still completing their first full implementation.